Water Microbiology
Water Sustainability & Reuse Technologies

Molecular Tools in Microbial Water Quality Forensics

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Technologies relied on by microbial forensic scientists need to be properly validated so that the methods used are understood and so that interpretation of results is carried out within the limitations of the assays. The three types of validation are preliminary, developmental, and internal. It uses advanced molecular techniques like microarray analysis and DNA fingerprinting etc. to associate the source of the causative agent with a specific individual or group by measuring variations between related strains. Nucleic amplification and molecular-epidemiological techniques are essential tools in clinical microbiology for identifying pathogens and in outbreak investigations.

·         Culture and Cytopathic Effect

·         Electron Microscopy (EM)

·         Serological Assays

·         Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

·         Neutralization and Hemagglutination Inhibition Assays

·         Immunostaining

·         Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

·         Real-Time PCR

·         Multiplex PCR

·         Microarray and Virus Chips

·         Next-Generation Sequencing

·         Subtractive Cloning