3^rd International conference on Water Microbiology Water Sustainability & Reuse Technologies December 03-04, 2018 | Chicago, USA

The development and implementation of water treatment technologies have been mostly driven by three primary factors: the discovery of new rarer contaminants, the promulgation of new water quality standards, and cost. In the past years, chemical clarification, granular media filtration, and chlorination were virtually the only treatment processes used in municipal water treatment. However, recently dramatic change in the water industry's approach to water treatment in which water utilities have started to seriously consider alternative treatment technologies to the traditional filtration/chlorination treatment approach. 

water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases, the results of the analysis provide information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected.

Water safety is the procedures, precautions, and policies associated with safety in, on and around bodies of water, where there is a risk of injury or drowning. It has applications in several occupations, sports, and recreational activities.

It is microbial cells attached to surfaces in moist environments that form biofilms.  Biofouling implies their accumulation on both living and non-living surfaces. Biofilm-associated cells are known to cost nations billions of US Dollars every year in equipment and machine maintenance, product contamination, medical device-related infections, and energy loss;  with attendant adverse effects on drinking water quality, causing disinfectant decay,  taste, odour and spread of pathogenic diseases. Biofilms function as biofilters, releasing metabolites such asrganic and inorganic acids,  ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and displaying bioaccumulation properties.  On this note, this paper reviews the challenges and various methods adopted to prevent  and  inhibit  the  formation  of  biofilms,  managing  biofilms, advances  in  biofilm  research  for quality drinking water,  public  health implications of biofilms and economic cost of biofilms.

Bacteria, protozoa, and viruses are the cause of many emerging and new waterborne infectious diseases and these diseases will be discussed in more detail in the following sections. Infectious diseases are caused by microbial pathogens that have parasitized and plagued their cellular host species since time immemorial.

A wastewater treatment plant is a microbiological zoo that houses bacteria, protozoa, metazoa, and other micro life. The microorganisms do the actual breakdown and removal of nutrients and organic material in the wastewater.

A perspective on the ecology of aquatic microbes. The advances and limitations of methodology-Distribution and activity of microorganisms in lakes: effects of physical processes-- Microbial biogeochemical activities in lakes: stratification and eutrophication-- The pelagic microbial food web of oligotrophic lakes-- Attached microbial communities in rivers-- Biogeochemistry of dissolved organic carbon entering streams-- Ground-water microbiology: subsurface ecosystem processes-- Wetland and swamp microbiology-- Microbial processes in salt marsh sediments-- Bacterial production in estuaries-- Growth limitation and starvation of bacteria-- Particulate detritus and bacteria in marine environments-- Interaction of nitrogen and carbon cycles in the marine environment-- Microbial life in extreme environments-- The air/water interface as an "extreme" environment-- Microbial ecology of sewage treatment-- The microbial ecology of water distribution and outfall systems-- Genetic stability of genetically engineered microorganisms in the aquatic environment.

Water reuse during food production and processing occurs and will likely increase in the future. For food production, it is important to understand how water demand, sources of pollution, water reuse and contamination of food through water affect food safety.

Technologies relied on by microbial forensic scientists need to be properly validated so that the methods used are understood and so that interpretation of results is carried out within the limitations of the assays. The three types of validation are preliminary, developmental, and internal. It uses advanced molecular techniques like microarray analysis and DNA fingerprinting etc. to associate the source of the causative agent with a specific individual or group by measuring variations between related strains. Nucleic amplification and molecular-epidemiological techniques are essential tools in clinical microbiology for identifying pathogens and in outbreak investigations.

·         Culture and Cytopathic Effect

·         Electron Microscopy (EM)

·         Serological Assays

·         Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

·         Neutralization and Hemagglutination Inhibition Assays

·         Immunostaining

·         Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

·         Real-Time PCR

·         Multiplex PCR

·         Microarray and Virus Chips

·         Next-Generation Sequencing

·         Subtractive Cloning

The emerging pathogenic bacteria of concern outlined here have the potential to be spread through drinking water, but they do not correlate with the presence of E. coli or with other commonly used drinking water quality indicators, such as coliform bacteria.

A reservoir usually means an enlarged natural or artificial lake, storage pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water. Reservoirs can be created by controlling a stream that drains an existing body of water. They can also be constructed in river valleys using a dam.

Microbial metabolic activity lies at the heart of the myriad of interactions between the environment and microorganisms that shape the dynamics of ecosystems. Earth is a closed system with a finite amount of matter that cycles between the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and microbial metabolism drives biogeochemical cycling between these spheres. This Focus on microbial biogeochemistry explores microbial metabolism in the context of wider ecosystems. It comprises Reviews that discuss the microbial nitrogen cycling network, the role that bacterial microcompartments have in atmospheric carbon fixation, the symbiotic exchange of nitrogen and carbon compounds between rhizobia and legumes and the function of hopanoid lipids, which are markers of ancient microbial life in sediments and as membrane components, mediate interactions between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants. It also features Research Highlights that showcase the latest research into the relationship between microbial metabolism and the environment.

Researchers are using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system to understand the life cycle of nitrogen from its release into the atmosphere to its deposition on land and water. Using this model, researchers can develop deposition scenarios and compile information on nitrogen movement that can be used to manage nitrogen use and impacts.

• Improve ways to measure the transfer of nitrogen and other pollutants from the atmosphere to land and water surfaces.
• Use computer modeling to study deposition sources, atmospheric concentrations and their distribution patterns to urban areas, determine model efficiency, and appraise low-cost deposition techniques.
• Measure gaseous and particulate nitrogen mixtures at five existing air quality monitoring network sites to describe the total amount of atmospheric nitrogen.
• Study the relationships between airborne concentrations and total deposition of nitrogen and sulfur.

Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with minimum impact on the environment, or directly reused. The latter is called water reclamation because treated wastewater can then be used for other purposes. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), often referred to as a Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) or a sewage treatment plant. Pollutants in municipal wastewater (households and small industries) are removed or broken down.

Desalination is a process that takes away mineral components from saline water. More generally, desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil desalination, which is an issue for agriculture. Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation. One by-product of desalination is salt. Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and submarines. Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on the cost-effective provision of fresh water for human use. Along with recycled wastewater, it is one of the few rainfall-independent water sources.

Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it more acceptable for a specific end-use. The end user may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.

Water management is the management of water resources under set policies and regulations. Water, once an abundant natural resource, is becoming a more valuable commodity due to droughts and overuse. Here are links to articles that address water management subjects such as the optimization of water usage.